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The Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa ((ポルトガル語:Paço Ducal de Vila Viçosa)) is a palace located in the civil parish of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, in the municipality of Vila Viçosa, in the Portuguese Alentejo. It was, for centuries, the seat of House of Braganza, one of the most important noble houses in Portugal: it became the ruling house of the Kingdom of Portugal after 1640, until King Manuel II, titular head of the family, was deposed in the 5 October 1910 Revolution that brought a Republican government. ==History== Vila Viçosa became an ancestral feudo of the Dukes of Braganza when Fernando I of Braganza succeeded his father Afonso I, receiving the title of Count of Arraiolos from his grandfather, Nuno Alvares Pereira. With this, Fernando established his seat in the primitive Vila Viçosa Castle. However, his son, Fernando II was executed in 1483 by order of King John II on accusations of treason, and the family was exiled to the Kingdom of Castile. Returning in 1496 (after the death of King), the family regained its ancestral lands, although Duke James (Fernando's successor), declined to live in the Castle of Vila Viçosa, owing to its association with his father's betrayal and murder. The residence of the Dukes of Braganza was begun under the stewardship of James in 1501–1502. It was situated in the ''Horta do Reguengo'' outside the walls of the urban medieval village, in an area that was ''"characterized by extensive olive orchards and an abundance of water"'', presenting some similarities to the signeurial residences of the region, such as the ''Sempre Noiva'' or ''Paço de Alvito''.〔〔José Teixeira (1997), pp. 8–9〕 The House of Braganza regained much of its power and wealth over time, the fruit of the Duke's close kinship with the Royal Family and his deeds to reconcile relations between the nobles. James, who commanded the victorious expedition to Azamor in 1513, both secured a pardon and brought riches to his House (contributing to the growth of the ducal palace). In 1535, Teodosio, was appointed ''Constable of the Kingdom''.〔 He managed to negotiate the marriage of his sister, Isabella, with the Infante Edward, 4th Duke of Guimarães (brother of King John III), securing a closer association with the Royal Family.〔 Taking advantage of the need to expand the palace for the celebrations of the royal marriage, Teodosio began the construction of the imposing facade of the palace, lined with marble in the Italianate-style. Comparably, he began the installation of the ''Sala de Música'' (''Hall of Music'') in 1558.〔 As Rafael Moreira indicated, the first building was a designed and decorated in the Manueline style, and was remodelled in the classical profile, along with adjacent buildings and expansion of the square in front of the building.〔〔Rafael Moreira (1997), p. 50〕 At the time, it was inspired by the profile of the Ribeira Palace in Lisbon.〔〔Rafael Moreira (1997), p. 51〕 Extensive remodelling also occurred in 1566, during the tenure of John I, 6th Duke of Braganza.〔 On the occasion of the visit of Michele Bonelli, Cardinal Alessandrino, legate to the Pope, a mass in the redesigned Duchesses' Oratorio, attended by Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza and guests, was realized.〔 It was the 7th Duke, Theodosious II, who began the grand works of the classical facade, beginning in 1583 and finally completed in the regency of King John IV in 1635.〔 In 1602, Theodosius married Ana de Velasco y Girón on the grounds, his marriage to the Spanish noblewoman would result in children, as well as the installation of ''Tavera de la Reina'' azulejo tile, in the ''Sala Grande'' (''Great Hall''), attributed to Fernando Loyaza.〔〔〔José Teixeira (1997), p. 11〕〔The ''Talavera de la Reina''azulejos in the Great Hall are the only ones of this type to still exist in the place that they were meant, after the destruction of the Guadalajara, during the Spanish Civil War.〕 The whole project was executed by Nicolau de Frias, royal architect, but was later supplemented by Pedro Vaz Pereira and Manuel Pereira Alvenéo.〔〔 The monumental facade was completed in the Mannerist style, consisting of two floors, one with Tuscan capitals, while the other in Ionic capitals, but later the construction began in 1610 on the addition of a third floor.〔 Similarly, around 1611, the fireplace in the ''Sala de Medusa'' (''Medusa's Hall'') was designed and constructed by Pêro Vaz Pereira.〔 Within the ascension of Duke John to the throne (in 1640), the palace lost its importance as the permanent residence of the family.〔 The first new constructions/remodelling in the Palace occurred in the 18th century, with the execution of an organ for the chapel. In 1716, King John V began minor renovations in the palace. Later, in 1762, main tower that fronted the Duchcess' Garden (or ''Forest Garden'') and the construction of a new wing, formally designated the ''Quartos Novos'' (''New Quarters'') were begun under Queen Maria I.〔 This included the construction of the ''Sala de Jantar'' (''Dining Hall''), which, along with the other works, were finally completed under her successor, King Joseph I in 1770. With the Napoleonic invasion of the peninsula, the Portuguese Royal Family departed for Brazil, closing the palace.〔 Long after their return, the Royal Family and, specifically, under the authority of Prince Carlos and Amélie of Orleans began renovations of the ''New Quarters'' (by the Frenchman Negrier) in order to serve as their residence.〔〔 After a period of living in these quarters, as the semi-official residence, with his family King Carlos returned to Lisbon on 1 February 1908, where he was assassinated.〔〔 On 5 October 1910 a revolution, instigated by Republican sympathizers caused the Royal Family to flee to England and the residences of the monarchy were closed to the public.〔〔 In 1932, while in exile, King Manuel II died from an abnormal swelling in the throat. His will instructed the creation of a foundation to safeguard the Royal estate: the ''Fundação da Casa de Bragança'' (''House of Braganza Foundation'').〔 As part of this process, there was a systematic inventory and assessment of the contents of the Palace by the DGEMN ''Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais'' (''General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments'') completed in 1938.〔 Between 1945 and 1952, the DGMEN initiated public works to restore and recuperate the palace from years of neglect and isolation, supplemented by repairs to the roof in 1963.〔〔 It was only on 18 May 1984 that the palace was open to the public, which included one of the largest and varied permanent expositions of the carriages in Europe.〔 A re-tiling of the central wing was completed in 1985–1986, followed in 1989 by a similar project in the ''Ala dos Moços'' (''Children's Wing'') in 1989.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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